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基层法院裁判文书公开难的成因与对策/李义朝

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  裁判文书公开是司法公开的重要内容和形式,其本身承载着司法公正的职能,肩负着弘扬法治,沟通公众,激发社会诚信的多重职责,尤其从根本上对遏制涉诉上访,促进社会稳定发挥着愈来愈重的治本作用。裁判文书公开无论从外部树立法院公正、权威的司法形象,还是在内部调动法官团队的积极能动性,提升广大法官的司法能力,意义都是极其深远的。

  当前基层法院裁判文书公开状况

  最高法院《关于司法公开的六项规定》的第五部分所讲的文书公开,主要指裁判文书公开,明确规定了公开的条件和注意的事项。该规定实施三年来,各地法院积极创造条件贯彻落实,通过各种形式,将司法“产品”置于人民群众的视野下,让社会公众圈点和评头品足,不断强化与人们群众的广泛联系和沟通,有力地促进了审判质效的增强。但是,由于种种主客观因素的制约,发展极不平衡,工作并不理想。其特点呈倒“金字塔”状存在,越是审级低的法院效果越差;越是经济条件相对落后的地区和法院,公开度越小。裁判文书公开严重滞后的现象,在基层法院几乎普遍存在。个别法院虽然在互联网上有所公开,但数量极有限且更新缓慢,不能适应市场经济和信息化时代群众了解司法信息情况的需要。

  成因分析与透视

  1、在治院理念层面,领导重视程度不高。基层法院在决策和实施审判管理中,看重庭审、裁判文书制作、辩法析理和判后答疑,对裁判文书公开并未认真研究和予以重视,更没有将此作为促进案件质量提升的战略高度具体对待。

  2、物质装备建设滞后。经费倾斜基层讲得很好,然实际令人心寒。目前,基层法院电脑配备严重落后,几个人合用一台电脑,工作极不方便,尤其在审判任务日趋繁重的情况下,彼此难免产生影响。有的法院尽管一些中层干部配备了电脑,但因资金严重缺乏,很多不曾联网,不能发挥作用。法院网站的作用也十分有限。

  3、法官司法能力不够,存在胆怯心理。不少的法官担心裁判文书制作质量不高,存在这样那样的不足或问题,羞于公开。

  4、裁判文书公开制度不健全。许多法院尚未建立一整套督查严、操作性强的日常工作程序和考核体系,管理层抓而不紧,具体工作就难以落实。

  扭转被动局面的途径与方法

  裁判文书公开是提升司法能力,树立司法权威的重要举措,是审判管理的重要内容,理当为各级人民法院所重视,像抓审判那样关注和抓好这项工作。

  一是提高对裁判文书公开重要性、必要性的认识,加强领导,明确责任,建立督查考核机制。要迅速转变和剔除忽视、轻视甚至漠视裁判文书公开的思想杂念,以科学发展观指引司法公开,以审判质效和司法精品来践行裁判文书公开,充分利用现有条件,调配人力,完善程序,扭转落后局面。

  二是强化审判管理机构的职责,切实发挥其职能作用。审判管理办公室不是临时机构,更不是空架子或只是负责审判管理相关的信息、表格上报下达的中转站,而是一个常设的综合性职能机构。既可行使院长的话语权,又可行使党组有关审判工作决策的督导、监察、落实、分析与处理的实体权力。审判质效的优劣在很大程度上系于审判管理机构职能的发挥如何,其作用举足轻重。

  三是建立健全裁判文书公开考评奖惩制度。要重视基层法院网站的管理和使用,充分发挥网站的宣传、教育、联系和沟通作用,精选择,巧安排,定期发,适时和加快更新,最大限度地满足人们群众对法院工作情况信息了解的需求。上级法院要认真搞好网络监督,定期进行考评通报,年终总评,决定排位名次,奖优罚劣,纳入绩效档案。

  四是深化争先创优活动,增强广大法官的质量意识。裁判文书是司法活动的重要载体和外衣,也是法官办案文化与智慧、能力的结晶。法官制作、宣告的裁判文书自己都不敢肯定和相信,何以让人民群众相信和认可?不愿公开,说到底还是司法能力不相适应的内心顾虑在作怪。全面推行裁判文书公开,教育培训、学习历练、督查考评必不可少,关键是要牢固树立法官的质量意识,打造精品案件。只要广大法官强化了争先创优意识,坚定了高标准严要求的行为理念,管理到位,措施到位,什么瑕疵案、问题案就都会销声匿迹,法官羞于裁判文书公开的胆怯心理就彻底消除,基层法院裁判文书公开工作就好提至相当的高度。

  (作者单位:河北省阜平县人民法院)

内蒙古自治区机关、团体、企事业单位治安保卫责任制的规定

内蒙古自治区人民政府


内蒙古自治区机关、团体、企事业单位治安保卫责任制的规定

(1989年4月5日自治区人民政府第十五次常务会议通过内蒙古自治区人民政府令第9号)



第一章 总则





  第一条 为加强机关、团体、企事业单位的治安保卫工作,预防各类案件和治安灾害事故的发生,维护工作、生产、教学、科研和生活的正常秩序,保护职工和单位安全,保卫社会主义建设事业的顺利进行,根据国家有关法律、法规,结合自治区的实际,制定本规定。


  第二条 凡自治区行政区域内的机关、团体、企事业单位(以下简称各单位)内部的治安保卫工作,都适用本规定。


  第三条 各单位的治安保卫工作,要认真贯彻“预防为主,确保重点,打击敌人,保障安全”的方针和“谁主管,谁负责”的原则,分级负责,分类管理,实行治安保卫责任制。


  第四条 单位的法人代表是本单位治安保卫工作责任人,其所属机构的主要行政领导人为该机构治安保卫工作责任人。
  治安保卫工作可以由单位副职行政领导人分管,日常工作由单位公安、保卫机构或保卫人员负责。


  第五条 各单位的治安保卫工作的基本任务是:进行社会主义法制教育和防火、防盗、防破坏、防治安灾害事故的安全教育;教育、改造有轻微违法行为的职工;预防、减少违法犯罪行为和治安灾害事故的发生;领导本单位组建的经济民警、治保会、护厂(校)队、治安巡逻队和消防队;加强重点部位的守护,配合公安机关查处刑事、治安案件。


  第六条 本规定要与工作、生产责任制同步实施,定期检查、评比、总结,同职工的政治荣誉、经济利益紧密联系,做到、责、权、利相一致。

第二章 组织机构





  第七条 按实际需要设置公安、保卫组织,接受当地公安机关指导,依照国家有关法律、法规的规定,行使治安保卫工作职权。


  第八条 保卫机构的设置、撤销及其领导人员的任免,必须征求公安机关的意见。组建企业公安机构,按程序上报审批。保卫干部、企事业公安干警要保持相对稳定。治安保卫工作经费要给予保障。
  未设立保卫机构的单位,按需要配备专职或兼职保卫干部。


  第九条 各单位根据需要应建立、健全治安保卫委员会或治安保卫小组。按有关规定组织护厂(校)队、治安巡逻队、经济民警队、消防队等治安保卫队伍。

第三章 管理制度





  第十条 凡对本单位的工作、生产、科研等起决定性作用或有重要影响的部门、部位,应列为要害管理,要建立、健全要害管理制度,严密保卫措施,制订应付突发事件的方案。


  第十一条 严格执行国务院颁发的《现金管理暂行条例》,财会部门的房屋、门窗要牢固,存放现金必须使用保险柜,安装防盗报警装置,存放现金不得超过限额规定。需滞留超额现金过夜的,必须经过单位领导批准。巨额现金存放过夜,指派专人监护。
  取送较大数额现金,必须使用专用安全包,两人同行;取送巨额现金要使用机动车辆,配备两人以上的守卫护送人员。
  对支票、凭据和其他票证加强管理,严格检验,复核制度,防止盗窃、诈骗和丢失。


  第十二条 枪支弹药管理要严格按照《中华人民共和国枪支管理办法》的规定登记造册,专人、专库(或保险柜)保管,严格审批领用手续。保存数量多的枪库,必须安装报警设备,加强守护。个人因公佩带的枪支要妥善保管,不准私自借用,严禁带枪酗酒。对滥用枪支或违反规定丢失枪支的,要追究责任;造成严重后果的,依法追究刑事责任。


  第十三条 对易燃、易爆、剧毒、放射源等危险物品的生产、储存、运输、使用、保管各个环节,必须严格执行有关安全管理规定,安装安全防护设施,加强安全防范工作。未经批准,严禁私人保存、配制、使用剧毒物品和雷管、炸药。


  第十四条 单位要加强值班、门卫工作。值班、门卫人员要选派责任心强,作风正派,身体条件适应的人担任。要坚守岗位,尽职尽责。


  第十五条 严格执行国家《保密法》和各项保密工作制度,严防失密、泄密和窃密事件的发生。


  第十六条 贵重金属材料及其成品、贵重仪器、设备的经营和使用要专人管理,存放在安全库(柜)里。坚持收、发、领、退、计量、登记制度,定期盘点,做到帐物相符。加强守护和安全检查,及时排除隐患。
  物资回收部门要严格按照国家的规定收购废旧金属器材,严禁收购生产资料和电力、通讯、交通等设施、备件,堵塞盗窃物资的销赃渠道。


  第十七条 对文物的出土、保存、展出、运送等,必须认真贯彻执行《中华人民共和国文物保护法》。按照不同等级,制订安全管理措施。馆藏重要文物要专人管理、专库保存,安装防盗报警装置,加强检查、守护,保证安全。
  对盗窃、走私文物案件,要积极配合公安机关侦破。对失职、渎职造成珍贵文物被盗的有关人员,要追究责任。


  第十八条 严格执行《中华人民共和国消防条例》,确定防火重点,划定防火责任区,经常进行防火教育和防火检查。对电源、火源、水源、易燃易爆物品和重要物资耸库要重点检查,及时消除隐患。按需要建立专职或义务的消防组织,配置必要的消防器材,定期训练,提高防、消能力。


  第十九条 宾馆、招待所、礼堂、影剧院、体育馆(场)、集体住宅、浴池、车站等公共场所,要严格执行治安管理法规,加强治安保卫工作,禁止一切危害治安的行为,保障公共场所安全、有序。


  第二十条 加强单位内部治安综合治理,对有轻微违法行为的人做好帮教、转化工作。及时调解职工中发生的各种纠纷,防止矛盾激化。对容易激化矛盾的事件要及时做好疏导教育,消除矛盾,防止发生严重事件。对多发性的案件,要有针对性地加强治理、防范工作。


  第二十一条 单位内部发生或发现暴力犯罪、故意破坏生产、重大治安问题和其它刑事犯罪行为或嫌疑,要立即报告当地公安机关。公安机关接到报告后,应及时组织查处,及早清除危害,消除影响,解除嫌疑。对不报告、不及时查处或由其它失职行为造成后果的,要追究有关人员的责任。

第四章 监督检查





  第二十二条 各级人民政府对重点单位的安全保卫工作要加强领导和监督。对单位报告的治安保卫工作中无力消除的重点大隐患,要组织力量,给予妥善解决。


  第二十三条 单位的主管部门对所属单位的安全保卫工作进行督促、检查、指导。直接或协同公安机关解决所属单位发生的治安保卫方面的重大问题。


  第二十四条 公安机关负责对本规定执行情况的监督检查。督促单位落实治安保卫制度、机构、人员和工作措施,协助单位培训保卫工作人员,对单位主管领导履行治安保卫工作职责情况进行检查、指导,发现隐患及时提出整改意见。对重大隐患发《隐患整改通知书》,限期整改。按期整改确有困难的,经单位主管部门和公安机关同意,采取必要的防护措施,确保安全。


  第二十五条 单位的主管领导、公安保卫组织和保卫工作人员按照职责对本单位治安保卫工作进行安全检查,及时消除不安全因素。

第五章 奖励与处罚





  第二十六条 贯彻执行本规定成绩显著,符合下列条件之一的单位和个人,由本单位、上级主管部门、公安机关和人民政府给予表彰奖励:
  (一)重视治安保卫工作,贯彻本规定的措施落实,内部治安秩序好,全年未发生刑事案件(含重大治安案件)和治安灾害事故的;
  (二)预防、制止重大案件和重大治安灾害事故成绩显著的;
  (三)对干部、职工、学生进行法制教育,对有轻微违法行为的人员和可能实施犯罪行为的人的帮教疏导工作成绩显著的;
  (四)检举、揭发和制止犯罪活动,抓获现行犯罪分子,破获重大案件的;
  (五)对治安保卫工作的改革有贡献或在其它保卫工作中做出突出成绩的。


  第二十七条 违反本规定,造成下列危害之一的直接责任者或单位、部门领导,由单位或上级主管部门负责查处,并根据情节分别给予批评教育、行政处分、经济处罚;违反治安管理的,由公安机关依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》予以处罚;触犯刑律的,移送司法机关依法追究刑事责任:
  (一)忽视治安保卫工作,安全防范措施不落实,内部治安秩序混乱,连续发生重大刑事案件或重大灾害事故,造成严重后果的;
  (二)违反治安保卫工作制度,违章作业,造成火灾、爆炸等治安灾害事故的;
  (三)对重大隐患或治安混乱问题,以公安机关或有关部门提出整改意见后,仍不整改,因而发生火灾,爆炸或其它严重事件的;
  (四)对单位多次发生重大案件和治安灾害事故隐瞒不报的。


  第二十八条 单位对职工、干部的奖惩,由单位领导人批准;对单位和领导的奖惩,由上级主管部门或当地旗(县)以上公安机关批准。
  企业单位被罚款项,在企业自有资金中开支;行政单位的被罚款项在经费包干结余或预算外资金中开支。对职工、干部的罚款,一律由个人承担。
  公安机关执行经济处罚,由旗(县)以上公安机关和授以相应权力的企事业公安部门执行,罚款一律上交地方财政。


  第二十九条 单位治安保卫工作责任人在依照本规定解决治安问题,处理失职人员等过程中如遇到妨碍,公安机关应依法支持,对无理取闹、进行威胁、报复的人员应依法查处。


  第三十条 公安、保卫干警执行工作任务要清正廉明,严格执行公安人员的《八大纪律十项注意》,文明执勤,文明管理,依法办事。

第六章 附则




  第三十一条 各盟市可根据本规定制订具体实施办法。


  第三十二条 本规定由内蒙古自治区公安厅负责解释。


  第三十三条 本规定自发布之日起施行。

外商投资建筑业企业管理规定(附英文)

建设部 对外贸易经济合作部


中华人民共和国建设部
中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部



第113号


《外商投资建筑业企业管理规定》已经2002年9月9日建设部第63次常务会议和2002年9月17日对外贸易经济合作部第10次部长办公会议审议通过,现予发布,自2002年12月1日起施行。



建设部部长 汪光焘
对外贸易经济合作部部长 石广生
二○○二年九月二十七日






外商投资建筑业企业管理规定




第一章 总 则


第一条 为进一步扩大对外开放,规范对外商投资建筑业企业的管理,根据《中华人民共和国建筑法》、《中华人民共和国招标投标法》、《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国中外合作经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国外资企业法》、《建设工程质量管理条例》等法律、行政法规,制定本规定。

第二条 在中华人民共和国境内设立外商投资建筑业企业,申请建筑业企业资质,实施对外商投资建筑业企业监督管理,适用本规定。

本规定所称外商投资建筑业企业,是指根据中国法律、法规的规定,在中华人民共和国境内投资设立的外资建筑业企业、中外合资经营建筑业企业以及中外合作经营建筑业企业。

第三条 外国投资者在中华人民共和国境内设立外商投资建筑业企业,并从事建筑活动,应当依法取得对外贸易经济行政主管部门颁发的外商投资企业批准证书,在国家工商行政管理总局或者其授权的地方工商行政管理局注册登记,并取得建设行政主管部门颁发的建筑业企业资质证书。

第四条 外商投资建筑业企业在中华人民共和国境内从事建筑活动,应当遵守中国的法律、法规、规章。

外商投资建筑业企业在中华人民共和国境内的合法经营活动及合法权益受中国法律、法规、规章的保护。

第五条 国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门负责外商投资建筑业企业设立的管理工作;国务院建设行政主管部门负责外商投资建筑业企业资质的管理工作。

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门在授权范围内负责外商投资建筑业企业设立的管理工作;省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门按照本规定负责本行政区域内的外商投资建筑业企业资质的管理工作。


第二章 企业设立与资质的申请和审批


第六条 外商投资建筑业企业设立与资质的申请和审批,实行分级、分类管理。

申请设立施工总承包序列特级和一级、专业承包序列一级资质外商投资建筑业企业的,其设立由国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门审批,其资质由国务院建设行政主管部门审批;申请设立施工总承包序列和专业承包序列二级及二级以下、劳务分包序列资质的,其设立由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门审批,其资质由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门审批。

中外合资经营建筑业企业、中外合作经营建筑业企业的中方投资者为中央管理企业的,其设立由国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门审批,其资质由国务院建设行政主管部门审批。

第七条 设立外商投资建筑业企业,申请施工总承包序列特级和一级、专业承包序列一级资质的程序:

(一)申请者向拟设立企业所在地的省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门提出设立申请。

(二)省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门在受理申请之日起30日内完成初审,初审同意后,报国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门。

(三)国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门在收到初审材料之日起10日内将申请材料送国务院建设行政主管部门征求意见。国务院建设行政主管部门在收到征求意见函之日起30日内提出意见。国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门在收到国务院建设行政主管部门书面意见之日起30日内作出批准或者不批准的书面决定。予以批准的,发给外商投资企业批准证书;不予批准的,书面说明理由。

(四)取得外商投资企业批准证书的,应当在30日内到登记主管机关办理企业登记注册。

(五)取得企业法人营业执照后,申请建筑业企业资质的,按照建筑业企业资质管理规定办理。

第八条 设立外商投资建筑业企业,申请施工总承包序列和专业承包序列二级及二级以下、劳务分包序列资质的程序,由各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门和对外贸易经济行政主管部门,结合本地区实际情况,参照本规定第七条以及建筑业企业资质管理规定执行。

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门审批的外商投资建筑业企业资质,应当在批准之日起30日内报国务院建设行政主管部门备案。

第九条 外商投资建筑业企业申请晋升资质等级或者增加主项以外资质的,应当依照有关规定到建设行政主管部门办理相关手续。

第十条 申请设立外商投资建筑业企业应当向对外贸易经济行政主管部门提交下列资料:

(一)投资方法定代表人签署的外商投资建筑业企业设立申请书;

(二)投资方编制或者认可的可行性研究报告;

(三)投资方法定代表人签署的外商投资建筑业企业合同和章程(其中,设立外资建筑业企业的只需提供章程);

(四)企业名称预先核准通知书;

(五)投资方法人登记注册证明、投资方银行资信证明;

(六)投资方拟派出的董事长、董事会成员、经理、工程技术负责人等任职文件及证明文件;

(七)经注册会计师或者会计事务所审计的投资方最近三年的资产负债表和损益表。

第十一条 申请外商投资建筑业企业资质应当向建设行政主管部门提交下列资料:

(一)外商投资建筑业企业资质申请表;

(二)外商投资企业批准证书;

(三)企业法人营业执照;

(四)投资方的银行资信证明;

(五)投资方拟派出的董事长、董事会成员、企业财务负责人、经营负责人、工程技术负责人等任职文件及证明文件;

(六)经注册会计师或者会计师事务所审计的投资方最近三年的资产负债表和损益表;

(七)建筑业企业资质管理规定要求提交的资料。

第十二条 中外合资经营建筑业企业、中外合作经营建筑业企业中方合营者的出资总额不得低于注册资本的25%。

第十三条 本规定实施前,已经设立的中外合资经营建筑业企业、中外合作经营建筑业企业,应当按照本规定和建筑业企业资质管理规定重新核定资质等级。

第十四条 本规定中要求申请者提交的资料应当使用中文,证明文件原件是外文的,应当提供中文译本。


第三章 工程承包范围


第十五条 外资建筑业企业只允许在其资质等级许可的范围内承包下列工程:

(一)全部由外国投资、外国赠款、外国投资及赠款建设的工程;

(二)由国际金融机构资助并通过根据贷款条款进行的国际招标授予的建设项目;

(三)外资等于或者超过50%的中外联合建设项目;及外资少于50%,但因技术困难而不能由中国建筑企业独立实施,经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门批准的中外联合建设项目;

(四)由中国投资,但因技术困难而不能由中国建筑企业独立实施的建设项目,经省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门批准,可以由中外建筑企业联合承揽。

第十六条 中外合资经营建筑业企业、中外合作经营建筑业企业应当在其资质等级许可的范围内承包工程。


第四章 监督管理


第十七条 外商投资建筑业企业的资质等级标准执行国务院建设行政主管部门颁发的建筑业企业资质等级标准。

第十八条 承揽施工总承包工程的外商投资建筑业企业,建筑工程主体结构的施工必须由其自行完成。

第十九条 外商投资建筑业企业与其他建筑业企业联合承包,应当按照资质等级低的企业的业务许可范围承包工程。

第二十条 外资建筑业企业违反本规定第十五条,超越资质许可的业务范围承包工程的,处工程合同价款2%以上4%以下的罚款;可以责令停业整顿,降低资质等级;情节严重的,吊销资质证书;有违法所得的,予以没收。

第二十一条 外商投资建筑业企业从事建筑活动,违反《中华人民共和国建筑法》、《中华人民共和国招标投标法》、《建设工程质量管理条例》、《建筑业企业资质管理规定》等有关法律、法规、规章的,依照有关规定处罚。


第五章 附 则


第二十二条 本规定实施前已经取得《外国企业承包工程资质证》的外国企业投资设立外商投资建筑业企业,可以根据其在中华人民共和国境内承包工程业绩等申请相应等级的建筑业企业资质。

根据本条第一款规定已经在中华人民共和国境内设立外商投资建筑业企业的外国企业,设立新的外商投资建筑业企业,其资质等级按照建筑业企业资质管理规定核定。

第二十三条 香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区投资者在其他省、自治区、直辖市投资设立建筑业企业,从事建筑活动的,参照本规定执行。法律、法规、国务院另有规定的除外。

第二十四条 本规定由国务院建设行政主管部门和国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门按照各自职责负责解释。

第二十五条 本规定自2002年12月1日起施行。

第二十六条 自2003年10月1日起,1994年3月22日建设部颁布的《在中国境内承包工程的外国企业资质管理暂行办法》(建设部令第32号)废止。

第二十七条 自2002年12月1日起,建设部和对外贸易经济合作部联合颁布的《关于设立外商投资建筑业企业的若干规定》(建建〔1995〕533号)废止。

Regulations on Administration of Foreign–Invested Construction Enterprises



The Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China

 Decree No. 113

Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Construction Enterprises approved respectively at the 63rd Executive Meeting of the Ministry of Construction on 9 September 2002 and at the 10th Ministerial Meeting of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation on 17 September 2002 are now issued and shall go into effect on 1 December 2002. 

Minister of the Ministry of Construction: Wang Guangtao
Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation: Shi Guangsheng 

27 September 2002

Regulations on Administration of Foreign–Invested Construction Enterprises

Chapter 1 General provisions

Article 1 These Regulations hereof are formulated to further the opening up to the outside and standardise the administration of foreign-invested construction enterprises in accordance with such laws and regulations as the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Tendering and Bidding Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises and the Regulations on Administration of Construction and Engineering Quality.

Article 2 These regulations shall apply to the establishment of foreign–invested construction enterprises within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, the application for construction enterprise qualifications and the administration and supervision of foreign–invested construction enterprises.

The term ‘foreign-invested construction enterprise’ mentioned in these regulations refers to a wholly foreign-owned construction enterprise, or a Sino-foreign equity construction joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperative construction enterprise established within the territory of the People’s Republic of China in accordance with Chinese laws and regulations.

Article 3 A foreign investor, which intends to establish a foreign-invested construction enterprise within the territory of the People’s Republic of China and conduct construction business, shall, in accordance with laws, obtain the approval certificate from the relevant foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department and register with the State Administration of Industry and Commerce or its authorised administration of industry and commerce at local levels, and the qualification certificate from the relevant construction administration department.

Article 4 Foreign-invested construction enterprises which engage in construction business within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall abide by the laws, regulations and rules of the People’s Republic of China.


The lawful operation of foreign-invested construction enterprises and their legal rights and interests within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall be protected by Chinese laws, regulations and rules.

Article 5 The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for the administration of the establishment of foreign-invested construction enterprises. The construction administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for the administration of the qualifications of foreign–invested construction enterprises.

The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration departments of the people’s government of provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall be responsible for the administration of the establishment of foreign-invested construction enterprises within their authorised jurisdiction; the construction administration departments of the people’s government of the provinces, or autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall, in accordance with these Regulations, be responsible for the administration of qualifications of foreign–invested construction enterprises within their administrative regions.

Chapter 2 Application for and Examination and Approval of Establishment of Foreign–invested Construction Enterprises and their Qualifications

Article 6 The application for and the examination and approval of the establishment of foreign-invested construction enterprises and their qualifications shall be managed by a grading and categorization system.

Where an applicant is to apply to establish a contractor with Super Grade or Grade A qualifications or to establish a specialised contractor with Grade A qualifications, the establishment of the foreign-invested construction enterprise shall be examined and approved by the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council and its qualifications shall be examined and approved by the construction administration department of the State Council; where an applicant is to apply to establish a contractor or a specialised contractor with Grade B or lower qualifications or any of the subcontractor qualifications, the establishment of the foreign–invested construction enterprise shall be examined and approved by the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality and its qualifications shall be examined and approved by the construction administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality.

Where the Chinese investor to a proposed Sino-foreign equity construction joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperative construction enterprise is an enterprise administered by the central government, the establishment of the joint venture shall be examined and approved by the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council and its qualifications shall be examined and approved by the construction administration department of the State Council.

Article 7 The procedures for the establishment of a foreign–invested construction enterprise as a contractor with Super Grade or Grade A qualifications or a specialised contractor with Grade A qualifications are:

(1) The applicant shall submit an application to the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality where the proposed foreign-invested construction enterprise is to be established.

(2) The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality shall complete the preliminary examination within 30 days of receiving the application, and shall, if it grants the preliminary approval, submit the application to the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council for further approval.

(3) Within 10 days of receiving the application for further approval, the foreign trade and economic administration department of the State Council shall forward the application to the construction administration department of the State Council for review and comments. The construction administration department of the State Council shall provide its opinion in writing within 30 days of receiving the request. Within 30 days of receiving the response, the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall decide whether or not to approve the application and express such a decision in written form. If the application is approved, a foreign-invested enterprise certificate shall be granted; if the application is not approved, reasons for the disapproval shall be given in written form.

(4) Within 30 days of receiving the approval certificate, the applicant shall register with the relevant registration department.

(5) After obtaining the business license for the legal entity, the application by the foreign-invested construction enterprise for qualification approval shall be conducted in accordance with Regulations on Administration of Construction Enterprise Qualifications.

Article 8 The procedures for the establishment of a foreign-invested construction enterprise as a contractor or a specialised contractor with Grade B or lower qualifications or any of the subcontractor qualifications shall be administered by the construction administration department and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality based on local conditions with reference to Article 7 of these Regulations and Regulations on Administration of Construction Enterprise Qualifications.

Examination and approval of qualifications of the foreign-invested construction enterprise by the construction administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality shall be filed with the construction administration department of the State Council within 30 days after the approval is given.

Article 9 The application by a foreign-invested construction enterprise for upgrading its qualifications or adding additional qualifications in addition to major items shall be made to the relevant construction administration department in accordance with relevant regulations.

Article 10 An applicant which intends to establish a foreign-invested construction enterprise shall submit the following documents to the relevant foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department:

(1) Application forms to establish a foreign-invested construction enterprise signed by the investor’s legal representative;

(2) The feasibility study report prepared or accepted by the investors;

(3) The contract for the establishment of a foreign-invested construction enterprise and the articles of association signed by the investor’s legal representative (only the articles of association is required for the establishment of a wholly foreign-owned construction enterprise);

(4) The notification on pre-verification of the name of the enterprise;

(5) Documentary evidence of legal entity registration and bank credential letter of the investor;

(6) Appointment letters and documentary evidence of the investor’s designated chairman and members of the board of directors, managers and technical managers etc.; and

(7) Balance sheets and profit and loss accounts of the investor over the past three years audited by a certified accountant or an accounting firm.

Article 11 The applicant applying for foreign-invested construction enterprise qualifications shall submit the following documents to the relevant construction administration department:

(1) Application forms for the foreign-invested construction enterprise qualifications;

(2) The approval certificate for the establishment of the foreign-invested construction enterprise;

(3) The business licence for the legal entity;

(4) The bank credential letter of the investor;

(5) Appointment letters and documentary evidence of the investor’s designated chairman and members of the board of directors, the enterprise’s financial manager, operations managers and technical managers etc.; and

(6) Balance sheets and profit and loss accounts of the investor over the past three years audited by a certified accountant or an accounting firm.

(7) Other documents required

Article 12 The total capital contribution of the Chinese party to a Sino-foreign equity construction joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperative construction enterprise shall not be less than 25% of the registered capital.

Article 13 Qualifications of Sino-foreign equity construction joint ventures and Sino-foreign cooperative construction enterprises established prior to the issuance of these Regulations are required to be re-examined and ratified in accordance with these Regulations and Regulations on Administration of Construction Enterprise Qualifications.

Article 14 All documents required to be submitted by an applicant under these Regulations shall be in Chinese. If the original documentary evidence is in a foreign language, a Chinese translation shall be provided.

Chapter 3 Scope of Contracting

Article 15 Wholly foreign-owned construction enterprises may only undertake the following types of construction projects within the scope of their qualifications:

(1) Construction projects funded totally by foreign investments, foreign grants or foreign investments and grants;

(2) Construction projects financed by international financial organisations and awarded through international tendering process in accordance with the provisions of the loan agreement;

(3) Sino-foreign jointly constructed projects where the foreign investment is equal to or greater than 50%; Sino-foreign jointly constructed projects where the foreign investment is less than 50% but which Chinese construction enterprises cannot undertake independently due to technical difficulties subject to the approval of the construction administration departments of the people’s government of provinces, or autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities;

(4) China-invested construction projects which Chinese construction enterprises cannot undertake independently due to technical difficulties. Such projects may be jointly undertaken by Chinese and foreign construction enterprises subject to the approval of the construction administration departments of the people’s government of provinces, or autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities.

Article 16 Sino-foreign equity construction joint ventures and Sino-foreign cooperative construction enterprises shall undertake construction projects within the permitted scope of their grades of qualifications.

Chapter 4 Supervision and Administration

Article 17 The criteria of grading of qualifications of foreign-invested construction enterprises shall be in accordance with the criteria of grading of construction enterprise qualifications formulated and issued by the construction administration department of the State Council.

Article 18 Where a foreign-invested construction enterprise undertakes a construction project as the contractor, it shall itself complete the main structure of the project.

Article 19 Where a foreign-invested construction enterprise contracts for construction projects in the form of a consortium with other construction enterprises, the consortium shall contract for projects within the permitted scope of the lower qualification grade.

Article 20 Where a foreign-invested construction enterprise contracts for construction projects beyond the permitted scope of its qualifications in violation of Article 15 of these Regulations, a fine at an amount between 2% to 4% of the construction contract price shall be collected. An order to suspend its business operation and to correct the wrongdoings may also be issued and its qualification certificate may be demoted. In serious situations, the qualification certificate shall be revoked and any proceeds illegally obtained shall be confiscated.

Article 21 Where a foreign-invested construction enterprise carrying out construction business violates the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Tendering and Bidding Law of the People’s Republic of China, Regulations on Administration of Engineering Construction Quality and Regulations on Administration of Construction Enterprise Qualifications and other relevant laws, regulations and rules, it shall be penalised in accordance with relevant provisions.

Chapter 5 Supplemental Provisions

Article 22 For a foreign enterprise which has already obtained a Foreign Enterprise Qualification Certificate for Contracting for Construction Projects prior to these Regulations come into force, it may apply for a construction enterprise qualification of an appropriate grade based on its track record of project contracting within the territory of the People’s Republic of China when establishing a foreign-invested construction enterprise.

Where a foreign enterprise which has already established a foreign invested construction enterprise within the territory of the People’s Republic of China as stated in Paragraph 1 of this Article is to establish a new foreign-invested construction enterprise, the qualification grade of the new foreign-invested construction enterprise shall be determined in accordance with Regulations on Administration of Construction Enterprise Qualifications.

Article 23 Investors from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan shall establish construction enterprises and carry out construction businesses in other provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities in accordance with these Regulations, unless it is otherwise provided by laws, regulations or the State Council.

Article 24 The construction administration department of the State Council and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for interpretation of these Regulations in accordance with their respective functions.

Article 25 These Regulations shall come into force on 1 December 2002.

Article 26 The Tentative Measures on Administration of Foreign Enterprise Qualifications for Contracting for Construction Projects Within the Territory of China issued by the Ministry of Construction (Decree No. 32 of the Ministry of Construction) shall be repealed as of 1 October 2003.

Article 27 Provisions on Establishment of Foreign-invested Construction Enterprises (File No. 533, 1995) jointly issued by the Ministry of Construction and the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation shall be repealed as of 1 December 2002.